Biliotórax: una entidad rara para un diagnóstico frecuente. Un reporte de caso / Bilothorax: a Rare Entity for a Frequent Diagnosis. A Case Report

Introducción: El biliotórax es una condición infrecuente definida por la presencia de bilis en el espacio pleural. Actualmente, hay alrededor de 70 casos descritos en la litera-tura. Sigue siendo relativamente desconocido, por lo tanto, poco sospechado. Esta entidad suele ser el resultado de una lesión iatrogénica, a menudo secundaria a cirugías o traumatismos del tracto biliar, que conduce a la formación de una fístula pleurobiliar.

Introduction: Bilothorax is a rare condition defined by the presence of bile in the pleural space. Currently, there are around 70 cases described in the literature. It remains relatively unknown and, therefore, little suspected. This entity is usually the result of an iatrogenic injury, often secondary to surgery or trauma to the biliary tract, leading to the formation of a pleurobiliary fistula

Síndrome hemofagocítico asociado a varicela / Hemofagocytic syndrome associated with varicella

Presentación del caso. Lactante femenina de 14 meses de edad con desarrollo psicomotor normal, sin comórbidos. Con historia de un día de fiebre de 40 °C, intermitente, acompañada de evacuaciones diarreicas y vómitos. Fue llevada por sus padres a una clínica privada sin notar mejoría con el tratamiento médico indicado. Posteriormente, presentó deterioro clínico y fue llevada a un hospital, donde se diagnosticó un síndrome febril agudo, diarrea con deshidratación leve y faringitis. Al cuarto día de evolución inició con máculas y pápulas que progresaron a vesículas y costras. Además, presentó intolerancia a la vía oral, disnea, distensión abdominal, coma y desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico. Intervención terapéutica. Inició el tratamiento con hidratación parenteral, antivirales, esteroides endovenosos y antihistamínicos; se diagnosticó shock séptico con compromiso respiratorio, se proporcionó ventilación mecánica asistida y fue referida al hospital de tercer nivel para atención por medicina crítica. Los estudios reportaron un derrame pleural derecho del 40 % y hepatomegalia. Continuó el tratamiento con antibiótico terapia, hidratación parenteral, antivirales, diuréticos, antipiréticos y hemoderivados, presentó mejoría, continuó el manejo terapéutico. Evolución clínica. El día 18 presentó fiebre, hepatoesplenomegalia, los exámenes reportaron elevación de ferritina, triglicéridos y citopenia se diagnosticó un síndrome hemofagocítico que evolucionó con una falla multisistémica y falleció al siguiente día

Case presentation. A 14-month-old female infant with normal psychomotor development, without comorbidities. With a one-day history of fever of 40 °C, intermittent, accompanied by diarrhea and vomiting. She was taken by her parents to a private clinic without improvement with the indicated medical treatment. Subsequently, she presented clinical deterioration and was taken to a hospital, where she was diagnosed with acute febrile syndrome, diarrhea with mild dehydration, and pharyngitis. On the fourth day of evolution, she started with macules and papules that progressed to vesicles and crusts. In addition, she presented oral intolerance, dyspnea, abdominal distension, coma, and hydro electrolytic imbalance. Therapeutic intervention. She started treatment with parenteral hydration, antivirals, intravenous steroids, and antihistamines; septic shock with respiratory distress was diagnosed, assisted mechanical ventilation was provided, and she was referred to a tertiary hospital for critical care medicine. Studies reported a 40 % right pleural effusion and hepatomegaly. She continued treatment with antibiotic therapy, parenteral hydration, antivirals, diuretics, antipyretics, and hemoderivatives, presented improvement, and continued therapeutic management. Clinical evolution. On day 18 he presented fever and hepatosplenomegaly. Tests reported elevated ferritin, triglycerides, and cytopenia, and was diagnosed with hemophagocytic syndrome that evolved with multisystemic failure and died the following day

Cambios en la tendencia histológica del cáncer pulmonar / Changes in lung cancer's histological trend

El cáncer pulmonar se establece como la segunda causa de muerte en países desarrollados y en algunos en vías de desarrollo. Su diagnóstico es tardío, sus opciones de resección y su curación aun con terapias adyuvantes son limitadas, lo que incide en la pobre sobrevida a 5 años, es por ello que se necesitan mayores esfuerzos para combatir el hábito del tabaco, principal agente etiológico. Material y Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal en pacientes adultos atendidos de 01 de enero del 2011 al 31 de diciembre del 2021, ingresados al servicio de cirugía del Hospital San Vicente de Guatemala, con diagnósticos de cáncer pulmonar, masa pulmonar, derrame pleural o nódulo pulmonar solitario. Resultados: Se atendieron 202 pacientes con diagnósticos presuntivos de cáncer pulmonar, no encontrando diferencias significativas en relación al sexo. La edad mayormente afectada se estableció entre los 50 y 70 años. Prevalecieron los estadíos IIIA, IIIB y IV basados en los hallazgos clínicos, tomográficos y transoperatorios y solo al 10% se le sometió a una cirugía de resección pulmonar mayor. Los cánceres de células no pequeñas NSCLC fueron reportados en el 68.7% y el adenocarcinoma fue la variedad más frecuente con el 54.95% sobre el 7.29% del epidermoide. La mortalidad a los treinta días se estableció en 2.97%. Conclusión: El adenocarcinoma pulmonar ocupa el primer lugar en la incidencia de los cánceres pulmonares, desplazando así al carcinoma epidermoide popularizado desde la mitad del siglo pasado. Esta tendencia en el cambio histológico está firmemente asociado a las modificaciones en los hábitos del fumar (AU)

Lung cancer is established as the second cause of death in developed countries and in some developing ones. Its diagnosis is late, its resection options and its cure even with adjuvant therapies are limited, which affects the poor survival at 5 years, which is why greater efforts are needed to combat the tobacco habit, the main etiological agent. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study in adult patients treated from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2021, admitted to the surgery service of the Hospital San Vicente de Guatemala, with diagnoses of lung cancer, lung mass, effusion pleural or solitary pulmonary nodule. Results: 202 patients with presumptive diagnoses of lung cancer were treated, finding no significant differences in relation to sex and the most affected age was established between 50 and 70 years. Stages IIIA, IIIB, and IV prevailed based on clinical, tomographic, and intraoperative findings, and only 10% underwent major lung resection surgery. NSCLC non-small cell cancers were reported in 68.7% and adenocarcinoma was the most frequent variety with 54.95% over 7.29% of epidermoid. Thirty-day mortality was established at 2.97%. Conclusion: Pulmonary adenocarcinoma occupies the first place in the incidence of lung cancers, thus displacing squamous cell carcinoma popularized since the middle of the last century. This trend in histological change is strongly associated with changes in smoking habits.

Ensayo controlado y aleatorizado del uso de Heberkinasa® en el derrame pleural paraneumónico en niños / Randomized Controlled Trial of the Use of Heberkinase® in Parapneumonic Pleural Effusion in Children

Introducción: El derrame pleural paraneumónico resulta la complicación más frecuente de la neumonía bacteriana, de manejo complejo y muchas veces quirúrgico. No existen publicaciones en Cuba provenientes de ensayos clínicos controlados y aleatorizados ni del uso de la estreptoquinasa recombinante (Heberkinasa®) en el derrame pleural. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de la Heberkinasa® en el tratamiento del derrame pleural paraneumónico complicado complejo y el empiema en niños. Métodos: Ensayo clínico fase III, abierto, aleatorizado (2:1), en grupos paralelos y controlado. Se concluyó la inclusión prevista de 48 niños (1-18 años de edad), que cumplieron los criterios de selección. Los progenitores otorgaron el consentimiento informado. Los pacientes se distribuyeron en dos grupos: I- experimental: terapia estándar y administración intrapleural diaria de 200 000 UI de Heberkinasa® durante 3-5 días y II-control: tratamiento estándar. Las variables principales: necesidad de cirugía y la estadía hospitalaria. Se evaluaron los eventos adversos. Resultados: Ningún paciente del grupo I-experimental requirió cirugía, a diferencia del grupo II-control en el que 37,5 por ciento necesitó cirugía video-toracoscópica, con diferencia altamente significativa. Se redujo la estadía hospitalaria (en cuatro días), las complicaciones intratorácicas y las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria en el grupo que recibió Heberkinasa®. No se presentaron eventos adversos graves atribuibles al producto. Conclusiones: La Heberkinasa® en el derrame pleural paraneumónico complicado complejo y empiema resultó eficaz y segura para la evacuación del foco séptico, con reducción de la necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico, de la estadía hospitalaria y de las complicaciones, sin eventos adversos relacionados con su administración(AU)

Introduction: Paraneumonic pleural effusion is the most frequent complication of bacterial pneumonia, with complex and often surgical management. There are no publications in Cuba from randomized controlled clinical trials or the use of recombinant streptokinase (Heberkinase®) in pleural effusion. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Heberkinase® in the treatment of complex complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion and empyema in children. Methods: Phase III, open-label, randomized (2:1), parallel-group, controlled clinical trial. The planned inclusion of 48 children (1-18 years of age), who met the selection criteria, was completed. Parents gave informed consent. The patients were divided into two groups: I-experimental: standard therapy and daily intrapleural administration of 200,000 IU of Heberkinase® for 3-5 days; and II-control: standard treatment. The main variables: need for surgery and hospital stay. Adverse events were evaluated. Results: No patient in group I-experimental required surgery, unlike group II-control in which 37.5 percent required video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, with a highly significant difference. Hospital stay (to 4 days), intrathoracic complications and infections associated to healthcare in the group that received Heberkinase® was reduced. No serious adverse events attributable to the product occurred. Conclusions: Heberkinase® in complex complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion and empyema was effective and safe for the draining of the septic focus, with reduction of the need for surgical treatment, hospital stay and complications, with no adverse events related to its administration(AU)

Correlación fisiopatológica, diagnóstica y terapéutica en el derrame pleural paraneumónico / Pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic correlation in parapneumonic pleural effusion

Introducción: La inflamación de la pleura desencadenada por bacterias y mediada por citocinas, aumenta la permeabilidad vascular y produce vasodilatación, lo cual genera desequilibrio entre la producción de líquido pleural y su capacidad de reabsorción por eficientes mecanismos fisiológicos. La condición anterior conduce al desarrollo de derrame pleural paraneumónico. Objetivo: Exponer la importancia de la correlación fisiopatológica y diagnóstica con los pilares fundamentales de actuación terapéutica en el derrame pleural paraneumónico. Métodos: Revisión en PubMed y Google Scholar de artículos publicados hasta abril de 2021 que abordaran el derrame pleural paraneumónico, su fisiopatología, elementos diagnósticos, tanto clínicos como resultados del estudio del líquido pleural, pruebas de imágenes, y estrategias terapéuticas. Análisis y síntesis de la información: El progreso de una infección pulmonar y la producción de una invasión de gérmenes al espacio pleural favorece la activación de mecanismos que conllevan al acúmulo de fluido, depósito de fibrina y formación de septos. Este proceso patológico se traduce en manifestaciones clínicas, cambios en los valores citoquímicos y resultados microbiológicos en el líquido pleural, que acompañados de signos radiológicos y ecográficos en el tórax, guían la aplicación oportuna de los pilares de tratamiento del derrame pleural paraneumónico. Conclusiones: Ante un derrame pleural paraneumónico, con tabiques o partículas en suspensión en la ecografía de tórax, hallazgo de fibrina, líquido turbio o pus en el proceder de colocación del drenaje de tórax, resulta necesario iniciar fibrinólisis intrapleural. Cuando el tratamiento con fibrinolíticos intrapleurales falla, la cirugía video-toracoscópica es el procedimiento quirúrgico de elección(AU)

Introduction: The inflammation of the pleura triggered by bacteria and mediated by cytokines, increases vascular permeability and produces vasodilation, which generates imbalance between the production of pleural fluid and its resorption capacity by efficient physiological mechanisms. The above condition leads to the development of parapneumonic pleural effusion. Objective: To expose the importance of the pathophysiological and diagnostic correlation with the fundamental pillars of therapeutic action in parapneumonic pleural effusion. Methods: Review in PubMed and Google Scholar of articles published until April 2021 that addressed parapneumonic pleural effusion, its pathophysiology, diagnostic elements, both clinical and results of the pleural fluid study, imaging tests, and therapeutic strategies. Analysis and synthesis of information: The progress of a lung infection and the production of an invasion of germs into the pleural space favors the activation of mechanisms that lead to the accumulation of fluid, fibrin deposition and formation of septa. This pathological process results in clinical manifestations, changes in cytochemical values and microbiological results in the pleural fluid, which accompanied by radiological and ultrasound signs in the chest, guide the timely application of the pillars of treatment of parapneumonic pleural effusion. Conclusions: In the event of a parapneumonic pleural effusion, with septums or particles in suspension on chest ultrasound, finding fibrin, turbid fluid or pus in the procedure of placement of the chest drain, it is necessary to initiate intrapleural fibrinolytic. When treatment with intrapleural fibrinolytics fails, video-thoracoscopic surgery is the surgical procedure of choice(AU)

Bula gigante secundaria a neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en niños / Giant Bulla Secondary to Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children

Introducción: Los neumatoceles y las bulas pulmonares son lesiones que se observan en los niños casi siempre asociadas a neumonías infecciosas, aunque sus causas pueden ser diversas. La importancia clínica de estos procesos radica en el peligro de crecimiento progresivo, que puede comprometer las funciones respiratoria y cardiovascular. Objetivo: Describir las experiencias derivadas del proceso de diagnóstico por imágenes y del tratamiento invasivo de casos atendidos. Presentación de los casos: Desde finales de 2021 y durante un período de un año, se atendieron, en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario de Cienfuegos, cinco niños con neumonías extensas, que desarrollaron bulas de gran tamaño varios días después del tratamiento antimicrobiano adecuado. Estas necesitaron drenaje y aspiración percutáneos debido a su magnitud y a la presencia de síntomas cardiovasculares. Conclusiones: Las bulas que aparecieron como complicación de la neumonía en el niño pueden presentarse con una frecuencia no despreciable, y hay que mantenerse atentos a su evolución, porque, a diferencia de los neumatoceles, pueden crecer progresivamente y comprometer las funciones respiratoria y cardiovascular. El drenaje percutáneo y aspiración continua por cinco días resultó un método seguro y eficaz para tratar estos procesos(AU)

Introduction: Pneumoatoceles and pulmonary bullae are lesions that are observed in children almost always associated with infectious pneumonia, although their causes may be diverse. The clinical importance of these processes lies in the danger of progressive growth, which can compromise respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Objective: To describe the experiences derived from the imaging process and the invasive treatment of treated cases. Presentation of the cases: Since the end of 2021 and for a period of one year, five children with extensive pneumonia were treated in the pediatric intensive care unit of the University Pediatric Hospital of Cienfuegos, who developed large bullae several days after appropriate antimicrobial treatment. The bullae required percutaneous drainage and aspiration due to their magnitude and the presence of cardiovascular symptoms. Conclusions: The bulla that appeared as a complication of pneumonia in the child can occur with a not negligible frequency, and it is necessary to be attentive to their evolution, because, unlike pneumoatoceles, can grow progressively and compromise respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Percutaneous drainage and continuous aspiration for five days was a safe and effective method to treat these processes(AU)

Síndrome de Meigs: Relato de Caso / Meigs Syndrome: Case Report / Síndrome de Meigs: Informe de Caso

Introdução: A síndrome de Meigs é uma condição clínica rara, definida como a associação de derrame pleural, ascite e fibroma ovariano, com resolução dos sintomas após a ressecção do tumor. Relato do caso: Paciente, sexo feminino, 56 anos, com tosse seca, associada à hiporexia, à perda de peso e à dispneia progressiva durante um mês. Radiografia de tórax e posteriormente tomografia de tórax mostraram derrame pleural volumoso à direita, sendo realizada toracocentese com drenagem de 2.500 ml de líquido seroso, sugestivo de exsudato. Ao exame, observou-se massa palpável em hipogástrio, com limite superior em cicatriz umbilical. Exames de imagem mostram formação expansiva sólida de possível origem ovariana esquerda e presença de líquido ascítico. A paciente foi submetida à histerectomia total com salpingo-ooforectomia bilateral e ressecção da massa pélvica. No intraoperatório, o exame por congelação foi sugestivo de fibroma ovariano. O histopatológico da peça cirúrgica confirmou fibroma ovariano medindo 13,0 x 12,5 x 7,5 cm e o exame citopatológico do líquido ascítico foi negativo para células neoplásicas. A paciente evoluiu em bom estado geral com resolução do derrame pleural e da ascite e segue sem recorrência dos sintomas. Conclusão: O diagnóstico definitivo é feito pela confirmação histológica de fibroma ovariano e resolução dos sintomas após a remoção da tumoração. A dispneia pode ser o sintoma inicial e o marcador tumoral CA-125 pode estar elevado. O prognóstico costuma ser bom e as chances de recidiva são mínimas.

ntroduction: Meigs syndrome is a rare clinical condition, defined as the association of pleural effusion, ascites and ovarian fibroma, with resolution of symptoms after tumor resection. Case report: Female patient, 56 years old, with dry cough associated with hyporexia, weight loss and progressive dyspnea for one month. Chest X-ray and later chest tomography showed massive pleural effusion on the right. Thoracocentesis was performed with drainage of 2,500 ml of serous fluid, suggestive of exudate. On examination, a palpable mass was observed in the hypogastrium, with an upper limit in the umbilicus. Imaging exams show solid expansive formation of possible left ovarian origin and presence of ascitic fluid. The patient underwent total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and resection of the pelvic mass. Intraoperatively, frozen section was suggestive of ovarian fibroma. Histopathological of the surgical specimen confirmed ovarian fibroma measuring 13.0 x 12.5 x 7.5 cm and cytopathological examination of the ascitic fluid was negative for neoplastic cells. The patient evolved in good general condition with resolution of the pleural effusion and ascites and continues without recurrence of symptoms. Conclusion: The definitive diagnosis is made by histological confirmation of ovarian fibroma and resolution of symptoms after removal of the tumor. Dyspnea may be the initial symptom and the CA-125 may be elevated. The prognosis is usually good and the chances of recurrence are minimal.

Introducción: El síndrome de Meigs es una condición clínica rara, definida como la asociación de derrame pleural, ascitis y fibroma de ovario, con resolución de los síntomas después de la resección del tumor. Informe del caso: Paciente femenino de 56 años con tos seca asociada a hiporexia, pérdida de peso y disnea progresiva durante 1 mes de evolución. La radiografía de tórax y posterior tomografía de tórax mostró derrame pleural masivo en el lado derecho, se realizó toracocentesis con drenaje de 2.500 ml de líquido seroso, sugestivo de exudado. A la exploración se observa una masa palpable en hipogastrio, con límite superior en ombligo. Los exámenes de imagen muestran formación sólida expansiva de posible origen ovárico izquierdo y presencia de líquido ascítico. La paciente fue sometida a histerectomía total con salpingooforectomía bilateral y resección de la masa pélvica. Intraoperatoriamente, sección congelada sugestiva de fibroma de ovario. El histopatológico de la pieza quirúrgica confirmó fibroma de ovario de 13,0 x 12,5 x 7,5 cm y el examen citopatológico del líquido ascítico fue negativo para células neoplásicas. El paciente evolucionó en buen estado general con resolución del derrame pleural y ascitis y continúa sin recidiva de los síntomas. Conclusión: El diagnóstico definitivo se realiza mediante la confirmación histológica del fibroma de ovario y la resolución de los síntomas tras la extirpación del tumor. La disnea puede ser el síntoma inicial y el CA-125 puede estar elevado. El pronóstico suele ser bueno y las posibilidades de recurrencia son mínimas.

Correlation Analysis between Thyroid Function Abnormality and Efficacy in Patients with Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer after Immunotherapy / 中国肺癌杂志

BACKGROUND@#Thyroid function abnormality (TFA) is one of the common adverse reactions in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with immunotherapy, but the risk factors of TFA and its relationship with efficacy are not completely clear. The purpose of this study was to explore the risk factors of TFA and its relationship with efficacy in patients with advanced NSCLC after immunotherapy.@*METHODS@#The general clinical data of 200 patients with advanced NSCLC in The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from July 1, 2019 to June 31, 2021 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. χ² test and multivariate Logistic regression were used to explore the risk factors of TFA. Kaplan-Meier curve was drawn and Log-rank test was used for comparison between groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis was used to explore the efficacy factors.@*RESULTS@#A total of 86 (43.0%) patients developed TFA. Logistic regression analysis showed that Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS), pleural effusion and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were factors influencing TFA (P<0.05). Compared with normal thyroid function group, the median progression-free survival (PFS) of patients in the TFA group was significantly longer (19.0 months vs 6.3 months, P<0.001), and the objective response rate (ORR) (65.1% vs 28.9%, P=0.020) and disease control rate (DCR) (100.0% vs 92.1%, P=0.020) of the TFA group were better than those of the normal thyroid function group. Cox regression analysis showed that ECOG PS, LDH, cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1) and TFA were factors influencing prognosis (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#ECOG PS, pleural effusion and LDH may be risk factors affecting the occurrence of TFA and TFA may be a predictor of the efficacy of immunotherapy. Patients with advanced NSCLC who have TFA after immunotherapy may obtain better efficacy.

Clinical characteristics of plastic bronchitis and risk factors for recurrence in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the clinical characteristics of plastic bronchitis (PB) in children and investigate the the risk factors for recurrence of PB.@*METHODS@#This was a retrospective analysis of medical data of children with PB who were hospitalized in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2012 to July 2022. The children were divided into a single occurrence of PB group and a recurrent PB group and the risk factors for recurrence of PB were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 107 children with PB were included, including 61 males (57.0%) and 46 females (43.0%), with a median age of 5.0 years, and 78 cases (72.9%) were over 3 years old. All the children had cough, 96 children (89.7%) had fever, with high fever in 90 children. Seventy-three children (68.2%) had shortness of breath, and 64 children (59.8%) had respiratory failure. Sixty-six children (61.7%) had atelectasis and 52 children (48.6%) had pleural effusion. Forty-seven children (43.9%) had Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, 28 children (26.2%) had adenovirus infection, and 17 children (15.9%) had influenza virus infection. Seventy-one children (66.4%) had a single occurrence of PB, and 36 cases (33.6%) had recurrent occurrence of PB (≥2 times). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that involvement of ≥2 lung lobes (OR=3.376) under bronchoscopy, continued need for invasive ventilation after initial removal of plastic casts (OR=3.275), and concomitant multi-organ dysfunction outside the lungs (OR=2.906) were independent risk factors for recurrent occurrence of PB (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Children with pneumonia accompanied by persistent high fever, shortness of breath, respiratory failure, atelectasis or pleural effusion should be highly suspected with PB. Involvement of ≥2 lung lobes under bronchoscopy, continued need for invasive ventilation after initial removal of plastic casts, and concomitant multi-organ dysfunction outside the lungs may be risk factors for recurrent occurrence of PB.

Comportamiento de características seleccionadas en pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad y algunas asociaciones de interés práctico / Behavior of selected characteristics in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia and some associations of practical interest

La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad constituye una de las afecciones respiratorias que provoca más demanda de asistencia médica, y es responsable del mayor número de fallecidos por enfermedades infecciosas en Cuba. El objetivo del estudio ha sido determinar el comportamiento de características seleccionadas en pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía y precisar la existencia de asociaciones entre algunas de estas características.Se realizó un estudio observacional, con diseño descriptivo, que incluyó 1,809 pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía entre enero de 2012 y febrero de 2020. Fueron analizadas características relacionadas con las condiciones de base, clínico-radiológicas, y relativas al manejo y la evolución, mediante análisis bivariante y multivariante (regresión logística). La serie estuvo constituida fundamentalmente por pacientes ancianos (79%), mientras que el 20% presentaba la condición de encamamiento. Esta condición se asoció significativamente con el estado de demencia avanzada (OR 7,6[5,5;10,4]), y fue determinante en la presentación "solapada" del proceso (OR 1,5[1,09;2]). La presentación "solapada" de la neumonía estuvo significativamente asociada al ingreso tardío (OR 1,6[1,2;2,2]). Como conclusiones se ratifica el lugar que ocupan varios elementos en las características de la morbilidad por neumonía: edad avanzada, presencia de comorbilidades, y presentación no clásica del proceso. Fueron constatadas interrelaciones de importancia práctica entre la presencia de comorbilidades particulares, las formas clínicas de presentación, el momento del ingreso, y la utilización de antimicrobianos durante la atención prehospitalaria del paciente. Se destaca el papel del encamamiento en la extensión radiológica del proceso neumónico y en la presencia de derrame pleural de mediana o gran cuantía al momento del ingreso.

Community-acquired pneumonia is one of the respiratory conditions that causes the greatest demand for medical care, and is responsible for the largest number of deaths from infectious diseases in Cuba. The objective of the study was to determine the behavior of selected characteristics in patients hospitalized for pneumonia and to specify the existence of associations between some of these characteristics. An observational study, with a descriptive design, was carried out, which included 1,809 patients hospitalized for pneumonia between January 2012 and February 2020. Characteristics related to the basic, clinical-radiological conditions, and relative to management and evolution were analyzed, through analysis bivariate and multivariate (logistic regression). The series consisted mainly of elderly patients (79%), while 20% were bedridden. This condition was significantly associated with the state of advanced dementia (OR 7.6[5.5;10.4]) and was decisive in the "overlapping" presentation of the process (OR 1.5[1.09;2]). The "overlapping" presentation of pneumonia was significantly associated with late admission (OR 1.6[1.2;2.2]). As conclusions, the place occupied by several elements in the characteristics of pneumonia morbidity is ratified: advanced age, presence of comorbidities, and non-classical presentation of the process. Interrelationships of practical importance were found between the presence of comorbidities, the clinical forms of presentation, the time of admission, and the use of antimicrobials during the patient's prehospital care. The role of bed rest in the radiological extension of the pneumonic process and in the presence of medium or large pleural effusion at the time of admission is highlighted.

Actualidad en el manejo clínico del derrame pleural maligno: revisión narrativa / Update on the clinical management of malignant pleural effusion: narrative review: A narrative review

Introducción: Cerca del 50 % de los derrames pleurales (DP) es neoplásico. El comportamiento clínico del DP neoplásico es altamente sintomático por el gran volumen y su recidiva temprana. Propósito de la revisión: El objetivo de la revisión es delinear el papel de los diferentes métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos de DP maligno. Buscamos reportes actualizados en donde se incluye los resultados de mejor supervivencia para los distintos tratamientos actuales. Recientes hallazgos: Los criterios de Light es el método estándar para diferenciar un exudado maligno. La toracocentesis guiada por ultrasonido debe ser usada como método diagnóstico/terapéutico. En pacientes con DP maligno se recomienda el drenaje permanente con el posicionamiento de un tubo de tórax y un sello hidráulico con drenaje cerrado. La pleurodesia con instilación de talco está recomendada en pacientes con DP maligno en busca de disminuir el volumen, las recidivas del DP y el tiempo de hospitalización. Conclusiones: Para el correcto manejo del DP maligno, hay que tomar en cuenta varios aspectos, como identificar la presencia de células malignas mediante estudio citológico y descartar una infección. La ecografía pleural permite definir el volumen del DP y permite decidir drenaje en ese momento, con la posibilidad de inserción de catéter intrapleural, con el objetivo de evaluar la posibilidad de esclerosar las pleuras a través de pleurodesia. Sin embargo, para llegar a esta decisión hay que analizar cada uno de los detalles que podrían tener un papel de importancia para el buen manejo y resolución definitiva o por el contrario decidir el manejo a título paliativo, siempre analizando cada caso con el objetivo de proveer de mejoría de síntomas y mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente.

Introduction: Approximately 50% of pleural effusions (PE) are neoplastic. The clinical behavior of neoplastic PE is highly symptomatic due to its large volume and early recurrence. Purpose of review: This review aims to outline the role of the different diagnostic and therapeutic methods of malignant PE. We look for updated reports that include the best survival results for the other current treatments. Recent findings: Light's criteria are the standard to differentiate a malignant exudate. Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis should be used as a diagnostic/therapeutic method. In patients with malignant PE, permanent drainage is recommended with the placement of a chest tube and a hydraulic seal with closed drainage. Pleurodesis with the installation of talc is recommended in patients with malignant PE to reduce volume, PE recurrences, and hospitalization time. Conclusions: For the correct management of malignant PE, several aspects must be considered, such as identifying the presence of malignant cells by cytological study and ruling out infection. Pleural ultrasound allows for defining the volume of the PE. It will enable deciding on drainage at that time, with the possibility of inserting an intrapleural catheter, to evaluate the likelihood of sclerosing the pleurae through pleurodesis. However, to reach this decision, it is necessary to analyze each of the details that could play an essential role in good management and definitive resolution or, on the contrary, decide on palliative management, constantly investigating each case to provide symptom improvement. In addition, improving the patient's quality of life.

Catéter pleural permanente, una opción para el manejo del derrame pleural maligno / Malignant pleural effusion and palliative care with tunneled pleural catheter

Resumen Revisión narrativa sobre cómo el cáncer altera la fisiología de la pleura, cómo se estudia el derrame pleural maligno y cómo se puede brindar paliación al paciente con derrame pleural mediante el catéter pleural permanente tunelizado, cuyo uso demuestra mayores beneficios en diferentes ámbitos clínicos, siendo utilizado principalmente para el tratamiento del derrame pleural tumoral recurrente, pero también en algunos casos de derrame pleural benigno repetitivo, convirtiéndolo en un recurso terapéutico útil en el cáncer avanzado.

Abstract This narrative review examines how cancer causes changes in pleural physiology, how to study malignant pleural effusion, and how to bring palliative care to patients with pleural effusion by means of indwelling tunneled pleural catheter. This catheter shows greater benefits in clinical practice, being used mainly for the treatment of recurrent malignant pleural effusion, but also in some cases of recurrent benign pleural effusion, making it a useful therapeutic tool in advanced cancer.

Disgerminoma ovariano na gestação: relato de caso / Ovarian dysgerminoma in pregnancy: a case report

Os disgerminomas são tumores malignos de células germinativas ovarianas, são raros, geralmente acometem mulheres em idade fértil e têm bom prognóstico e sobrevida elevada. Paciente de 20 anos, primigesta com 26 semanas de gestação, foi admitida no centro obstétrico da Fundação Hospitalar Santo Antônio em Blumenau- SC com quadro de dor abdominal intensa refratária à analgesia e desconforto respiratório. Ressonância magnética demonstrou derrame pleural, moderada ascite e volumosa lesão expansiva de aspecto sólido-cístico em anexo direito. Foram realizadas salpingo-oforectomia à direita e omentectomia parcial e coletado lavado peritoneal. Anatomopatológico evidenciou disgerminoma. A paciente seguiu acompanhamento gestacional nos serviços de pré-natal de alto risco e oncologia. Devido à imaturidade fetal, manteve-se conduta expectante e, após o parto normal com 37 semanas, foi realizado estadiamento e iniciada quimioterapia adjuvante. Devido à baixa incidência e à raridade de tumores de células malignas ovarianas, relatos de casos como este são importantes para discutir as melhores estratégias de manejo clínico.(AU)

Dysgerminomas are rare malignant ovarian germ cell tumors that generally affect adolescence and early adulthood, have a good prognosis and high survival. Patient 20 years old, gestation 1, at 26 weeks of gestation, was hospitalized at the obstetric center of Fundação Hospitalar Santo Antônio in Blumenau-SC, with severe abdominal pain refractory to analgesia and respiratory discomfort. Magnetic resonance showed pleural effusion, moderate ascites and a massive expansive lesion with a solid cystic aspect in the right ovary. Right salpingoophorectomy, partial omentectomy and peritoneal lavage were collected. Anatomopathological evidence showed dysgerminoma. Patient followed gestational follow-up at high-risk prenatal and oncology services. Due to fetal immaturity, expectant management was maintained and after vaginal delivery at 37 weeks, staging was performed and adjuvant chemotherapy was started. Due to the low incidence and rarity of ovarian malignant cell tumors, case reports such as this one are important to discuss the best clinical management strategies.(AU)

Efeitos agudos dos exercícios respiratórios, Threshold PEP™ e Powerbreathe® em pacientes com derrame pleural, no pós-procedimento de drenagem torácica / Acute effects of breathing exercises, Threshold PEP™ and Powerbreathe® in patients with pleural effect, in the post-thoracic drainage procedure

Introdução: O derrame pleural modifica as capacidades pulmonares, provocando distúrbio ventilatório restritivo. As terapias respiratórias evitam a progressão e tratam a restrição de volumes pulmonares. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito agudo de três recursos fisioterapêuticos em pacientes com derrame pleural após procedimento de drenagem torácica. Métodos: Estudo experimental, randomizado e prospectivo, realizado com 60 pacientes com derrame pleural, todos hospitalizados. A amostra foi dividida em 3 grupos com 20 pacientes, cada grupo recebeu uma terapia respiratória: exercícios respiratórios, Threshold PEP™ ou Powerbreathe®. Para avaliar a função pulmonar foram utilizados, a espirometria, a manovacuometria e o peak flow. Os atendimentos foram diários, seguiu-se o protocolo de 4 séries de 15 repetições. Análise estatística: aplicou-se os testes qui-quadrado de Pearson, Shapiro-Wilk, Friedman, Wilcoxon e correlação de Spearman. Para todos os testes considerou-se o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os exercícios respiratórios resultaram em diferenças significativas na capacidade vital forçada (CVF), antes 1,66±0,60 e depois 1,84±0,50 (p=0,01), no volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1), antes 1,25±0,46 e depois 1,57±0,52 (p=0,01), enquanto o grupo tratado com Threshold PEP™ a diferença significativa foi apenas na CVF, antes 1,49±0,78 e depois 1,78±0,85 (p=0,04). Em relação à força muscular respiratória, nenhuma das terapias resultou em diferença significativa na PImax e PEmax. Conclusão: O protocolo com exercícios respiratórios demonstrou superioridade na função pulmonar quando comparado com o Threshold PEP™ e Powerbreath®, tornando-se mais indicado no manejo de pacientes com derrame pleural após drenagem torácica.

Cell HE staining smears and paired cell paraffin sections in detection of epithelial growth factor receptor gene of pleural fluid specimens / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#The advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with pleural effusion have no opportunity for surgery treatment. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the first-line drugs for these patients with EGFR-sensitive mutation. However, the disease progression and drug update during or after treatment of EGFR-TKIs bring more challenges and puzzles to clinical diagnosis and treatment, which inevitably requires archived pleural cell samples for EGFR re-examination or comparative study. Understanding the DNA quality of archived pleural fluid samples and effectively using archival data of pleural fluid cells are of great significance for tracing the origin of cases and basic medical research. This study aims to evaluate the consistency of EGFR mutant gene expression between the 2 methods, and to explore a reliable way for preserving cytological data and making full use of cytological archival data via cell HE staining smear and cell paraffin section.@*METHODS@#A total of 57 pleural fluid cytology cases in the Department of Pathology of China Aerospace Center Hospital from October 2014 to April 2021 were selected. Tumor cells were detected by cell HE staining smears and immunohistochemical staining for TTF-1 and Napsin A in the paired cell paraffin sections. There were more than 200 tumor cells in cell HE staining smear and the proportion of tumor cells were ≥70% in matched cell paraffin sections. Patients with 2 cell smears (one for cell data retention and the other for DNA extraction) were selected as the research subjects, and 57 pleural fluid samples were enrolled. EGFR gene mutation was detected by amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction in 57 paired cell HE staining smears and cell paraffin sections. DNA concentration was 2 ng/μL. Cell HE smear was amplified side-by-side with DNA samples from paired cell paraffin sections. Result determination was according to the requirements of the reagent instructions. The external control cycle threshold (Ct) value of the No. 8 well of the samples to be tested was between 13 and 21, which was considered as successful and reliable samples. When the Ct value of EGFR gene mutation was <26, it was considered as positive; when the Ct value was between 26 and 29, it was critical positive; when the Ct value was equal or more than 29, it was negative. ΔCt value was the difference between mutant Ct value and externally controlled Ct value. The smaller the ΔCt value was, the better the quality of DNA of the detected sample was.@*RESULTS@#Among the 57 pleural effusion samples, 42 patients were hospitalized with pleural effusion as the first symptom, accounting for 73.7% (42/57). EGFR mutation was detected in 37 samples [64.9% (37/57)]. The mutation rate for 19del was 37.8% (14/37) while for L858R was 48.6% (18/37). Females were 56.7% (21/37) of mutation cases. The mutation consistency rate of cell HE staining smear and matched cell paraffin sections was 100%. The ΔCt values of cell HE staining smears were less than those of matched cell paraffin sections. The mutation Ct values of 37 cytological samples were statistically analyzed according to the preservation periods of the years of 2014-2015, 2016-2017, 2018-2019, and 2020-2021. There were significant differences in cell paraffin section in the years of 2014-2015 and 2016-2017 compared with the years of 2018-2019 and 2020-2021, while no significant differences were found in cell HE staining smear. Statistical analysis of externally controlled Ct values of 57 cytological samples showed that there were significant differences between cell HE staining smears and cell paraffin section in the years of 2014-2015 and 2016-2017, compared with the years of 2018-2019 and 2020-2021. The mutational Ct values of 37 paired cell blocks and smears were all <26, and the externally controlled Ct values of 57 paired cell paraffin sections and HE staining smears were all between 13 and 21.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The DNA quality of cell HE smears and matched cell paraffin section met the qualified requirements. Two methods possess show an excellent consistency in detecting EGFR mutation in NSCLC pleural fluid samples. The DNA quality of cell HE staining smear is better than that of cell paraffin sections, so cell HE staining smear can be used as important supplement of the gene test source. It should be noted that the limitation of cell HE staining smears is non-reproducibility, so multiple smears of pleural fluid are recommended to be prepared for multiple tests.

Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of 76 Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients Harboring EGFR Mutations with Pleural Effusion at Initial Diagnosis: A Single-center Retrospective Study / 中国肺癌杂志

BACKGROUND@#Malignant pleural effusion is one of the common clinical manifestations of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Patients with pleural effusion at the initial diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma usually indicate poor prognosis. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations mainly occur in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Patients with different mutant subtypes have different prognosis. The clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of patients with EGFR mutated lung adenocarcinoma of different molecular subtypes combined with pleural effusion at initial diagnosis are still unclear. This study was designed to explore the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of these patients in order to provide management recommendations for them.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis of the clinical characteristics, treatment, outcomes and progression-free survival (PFS) of first-line treatment in patients with EGFR mutated lung adenocarcinoma combined with pleural effusion at initial diagnosis admitted to Department of Medical Oncology and Radiation Sickness, Peking University Third Hospital from January 2012 to June 2021 was performed. Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were performed for comparison between groups. Kaplan-Meier method was performed for survival analysis and Cox proportional risk regression model was performed for multivariate analysis.@*RESULTS@#76 patients met the inclusion criteria in this study. The incidences of EGFR classical mutations 19del, 21L858R and non-classical mutations were 46.0%, 38.2% and 15.8%, respectively among these patients. There was no significant difference between the three mutations in terms of gender, age, presence of dyspnea at presentation, whether other distant metastases were combined, site of pleural effusion, volume of pleural effusion, presence of other combined effusions, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, presence of other gene mutations, and treatment of pleural effusion (P>0.05). In patients with EGFR classical mutations 19del or 21L858R or non-classical mutations subtype, the proportion of chemotherapy in first-line regimens were 17.1%, 20.7% and 58.3%, respectively (P=0.001); and first-line disease control rates were 94.3%, 75.9% and 50%, respectively (P=0.003); pleural effusion control rates were 94.3%, 79.3% and 66.7%, respectively (P=0.04); PFS were 287 d, 327 d and 55 d, respectively (P=0.001). Univariate analysis showed that EGFR mutation subtype, control of pleural effusion, first-line treatment agents, and first-line treatment efficacy were significantly associated with PFS (P<0.05). Cox multifactorial analysis showed that only EGFR mutation subtype and first-line treatment efficacy were independent prognostic factors for PFS (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#PFS was significantly better for classical mutations than for non-classical mutations in patients with EGFR mutated lung adenocarcinoma combined with pleural effusion at initial diagnosis. Improving the efficacy of first-line therapy is the key to improve the prognosis of these patients.

Early discharge for patients with benign pleural effusions using a Wayne catheter (pigtail) chest drain - analysis of safety, complications, and quality of life / Alta precoce para pacientes com derrames pleurais benignos em uso de dreno pleural de Wayne (pigtail) - análise de segurança, complicações e qualidade de vida

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess safety, efficacy and quality of life in patients with benign pleural effusions undergong pleural drainage with Wayne pleural catheter (DW) in an outpatient setting. Method: this is a prospective study, in which 47 patients were evaluated between July 2017 and October 2018. Patients with non-malignant pleural effusions underwent pleural drainage with clinical evolution compatible with outpatient care were included. Patients who underwent drainage due to other conditions and patients were excluded. Results: after catheter placement, the mean length of hospital stay was 3.14 (± 3.85) days, and 21 patients (44.68%) were discharged within 24 hours. The mean time with the catheter was 12.63 (± 7.37) days. The analysis of the pleural fluid was transudate in 87.3% of cases and exudate in 12.3%. The causes of pleural effusion were heart failure (72.3%), renal failure (19.1%), liver failure (6.3%) and pneumonia (8.5%). The quality of life, analyzed according to the parameters of the questionnaire SF 36, showed low average values when compared to other studies. Analyzing each descriptor, the average was greater only in the limitation related to physical aspects. In the other descriptors, the results were similar, but smaller. Conclusion: the outpatient use of pleural catheters of the Wayne type (pigtail) proved to be feasible, safe and with a low associated infection rate. This is a viable option for selected patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a segurança, a eficácia, as complicações e a qualidade de vida da alta precoce e acompanhamento ambulatorial de pacientes com derrames pleurais benignos submetidos à drenagem pleural com dreno de Wayne (DW). Método: estudo prospectivo, em que foram avaliados 47 pacientes entre julho de 2017 e outubro de 2018. Foram incluídos os pacientes com derrames pleurais não malignos, submetidos a drenagem pleural com evolução clínica compatível com o cuidado ambulatorial. Foram excluídos os pacientes submetidos a drenagem por outras afecções. Resultados: após a drenagem, a média do tempo de internação dos pacientes foi de 3,14 (±3,85) dias, sendo que 21 pacientes (44,68%) tiveram alta em até 24 horas após a drenagem. O tempo médio de permanência com o dreno foi de 12,63 (±7,37) dias. A análise do líquido pleural mostrou tratar-se de transudato em 87,3% dos casos e de exsudato em 12,3%. Dentre as causas do derrame pleural, destacaram-se insuficiência cardíaca (72,3%), insuficiência renal (19,1%), hepatopatias (6,3%) e pneumonias (8,5%). A qualidade de vida, analisada segundo os parâmetros do questionário SF 36, teve valores médios baixos, principalmente em relação a outros estudos. Na análise de cada descritor, a média apresentou-se maior somente na limitação por aspectos físicos. Nos demais descritores, os resultados foram semelhantes, mas menores. Conclusão: o uso ambulatorial de cateteres pleurais do tipo Wayne (pigtail) mostrou-se factível, seguro e com baixa taxa de infecções associadas. Trata-se de opção viável para pacientes selecionados.

Hidrotórax hepático como complicación poco frecuente de la cirrosis. Un reto terapéutico en cirrosis avanzada / Hepatic hydrothorax as a rare complication of cirrhosis. A therapeutic challenge in advanced cirrhosis

El hidrotórax hepático es una entidad poco frecuente en pacientes con cirrosis. A la fecha se han propuesto varias alternativas terapéuticas, tanto médicas como quirúrgicas, previas al trasplante hepático como manejo definitivo. A continuación, se presenta el caso de una paciente de 78 años con cirrosis secundaria a infección por virus de la hepatitis C, que acudió al servicio de urgencias por dificultad respiratoria, donde se documentó un derrame pleural derecho masivo de tipo trasudado, que respondió parcialmente a terapia diurética e inserción de dren pleural; posteriormente falleció por complicaciones hemorrágicas asociadas a la cirrosis. Se considera importante describir esta patología, dada su baja frecuencia en pacientes con cirrosis y los retos terapéuticos a los que nos enfrentamos con la poca evidencia disponible en la actualidad.

Hepatic hydrothorax is a rare entity in patients with cirrhosis. To date, several therapeutic alternatives have been proposed, both medical and surgical, prior to liver transplantation as the definitive management. Here we present the case of a 78-year-old patient with cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis C virus infection, who consulted the emergency department for respiratory distress, documenting a massive right pleural effusion of transudate type, which responded partially to diuretic therapy and drainage with pigtail, and later died due to hemorrhagic complications associated with cirrhosis. It is important to describe this pathology given its low frequency in patients with cirrhosis and the therapeutic challenges we face with the limited currently available evidence.

Endometriosis pleural. A propósito de un caso / Pleural Endometriosis. A Case Report

La endometriosis extrauterina es una enfermedad poco frecuente que afecta a mujeres en edad reproductiva. La cavidad pleural es una de las localizaciones más frecuentes en este tipo de patología y es en ella donde se puede encontrar con mayor frecuencia neumotórax de repetición seguido por hemotórax. La afectación parenquimatosa, al igual que el hemotórax, es poco frecuente1. Presentamos el caso de una mujer en edad fértil con hemotórax debido a endometriosis pleural.

Extrauterine endometriosis is a rare disease that affects women of childbearing age. The pleural cavity is one of the most common locations of this type of disease and the place where recurrent pneumothorax followed by haemothorax most frequently occur. Paren chymal involvement and haemothorax aren't very frequent1. We present the case of a woman of childbearing age with haemothorax due to pleural endometriosis.

Stents metálicos autoexpandibles para el manejo endoscópico de las fístulas esofagogástricas / Self-expanding metal stents for endoscopic management of esophageal and gastric fistulas

Resumen Objetivos: mostrar la eficacia y seguridad de los stents metálicos autoexpandibles para el manejo endoscópico de las fístulas esofágicas. Materiales y métodos: se evalúo una serie de casos de manera retrospectiva entre el 2007 y el 2017, en los que se manejaron a 11 pacientes con un stent metálico autoexpandible para el manejo de fístula esofágica, en quienes se realizó el diagnóstico por clínica, endoscopia digestiva alta o estudios radiológicos en la unidad de gastroenterología del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI) de Bogotá D. C., Colombia. Resultados: el principal síntoma inicial fue la disnea en 27,3 % de los casos, seguido por tos en un 18,2 %. El hallazgo más frecuentemente encontrado durante el seguimiento fue el derrame pleural en el 36,4 %, se realizó el diagnóstico de fístula en el 45,5 % con esofagograma y el tipo de lesión más reportada fue la fuga en la anastomosis esofagoentérica, con un 45,5 %, seguida de la esofagopleural, con un 36,4 %; y estos pacientes fueron manejados con un stent metálico autoexpandible. En el 100 % hubo éxito técnico y la resolución del defecto se evidenció en el 72,7 % de los casos. La única complicación reportada fue el desplazamiento del stent en el 27,3 %, y en un paciente se requirió el cambio del stent en 3 oportunidades. El promedio de estancia hospitalaria fue de 41,5 días. Conclusiones: el manejo endoscópico de las fístulas esofagogástricas con stents metálicos autoexpandibles es efectivo y seguro, con una baja tasa de complicaciones.

Abstract Objective: To demonstrate the efficacy and safety of self-expanding metal stents for endoscopic management of esophageal fistulas. Materials and methods: Retrospective case series between 2007 and 2017. A total of 11 patients were treated with self-expanding metal stents for esophageal fistula management, after being diagnosed based on symptoms, upper endoscopy, and/or radiological studies in the gastroenterology unit of the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI) in Bogotá D.C, Colombia. Results: The most common initial symptom was dyspnea in 27.3% of cases, followed by cough in 18.2%. The most frequent finding during follow-up was pleural effusion in 36.4% of the cases, of which 45.5% received a diagnosis of fistula through esophagogram. The most reported lesion was esophagoenteric anastomotic leak with 45.5%, followed by esophagopleural injury with 36.4%; these patients were those who received self-expanding metal stent management. Technical success was achieved in 100% of the cases, and the defect was resolved in in 72.7% of them. The only complication reported was stent migration in 27.3%, requiring 3 changes in 1 patient. The average hospital stay was 41.5 days. Conclusions: Endoscopic management of esophagogastric fistulas with self-expanding metal stents is effective and safe, with a low complication rate.